A secured loan is a loan in which the borrower pledges some asset (e.g. a car or property) as collateral for the loan, which then becomes a secured debt owed to the creditor who gives the loan. The debt is thus secured against the collateral — in the event that the borrower defaults, the creditor takes possession of the asset used as collateral and may sell it to satisfy the debt by regaining the amount originally lent to the borrower, for example, foreclosure of a home. From the creditor's perspective this is a category of debt in which a lender has been granted a portion of the bundle of rights to specified property. The opposite of secured debt/loan is unsecured debt, which is not connected to any specific piece of property and instead the creditor may satisfy the debt against the borrower rather than just the borrower's collateral.
Types
- A mortgage loan is a secured loan in which the collateral is property, such as a home.
- A nonrecourse loan is a secured loan where the collateral is the only security or claim the creditor has against the borrower, and the creditor has no further recourse against the borrower for any deficiency remaining after foreclosure against the property.
- A foreclosure is a legal process in which mortgaged property is sold to pay the debt of the defaulting borrower.
- A repossession is a process in which property, such as a car, is taken back by the creditor when the borrower does not make payments due on the property. Depending on the jurisdiction, it may or may not require a court order.
United States law of debt secured by property
In the case of
real estate, the most common form of
secured debt is the
lien. Liens may either be voluntarily created, as with a
mortgage, or involuntarily created, such as a
mechanics lien. A
mortgage may only be created with the express consent of the
title owner, without regard to other facts of the situation. In contrast, the primary condition required to create a
mechanics lien is that
real estate is somehow improved through the
work or
materials provided by the person filing a
mechanics lien. Although the rules are complex, consent of the
title owner to the
mechanics lien itself is not required.
In the case of
personal property, the most common procedure for securing the
debt is described through the
Uniform Commercial Code or UCC. This
statute provides a system of forms and public filing of documents by which the
creditor's interest in the
property is made known.
In the event that the underlying
debt is not properly paid, the
creditor may decide to
foreclose the interest in order to take the
property. Generally, the law that allows the
secured debt to be made also provides a procedure whereby the property will be sold at
public auction, or through some other means of sale. The law commonly also provides a
right of redemption, whereby a debtor may arrange for late payment of the
debt but keep the property.
How to create secured debt
Debt can become secured by a
contractual agreement,
statutory lien, or
judgment lien. Contractual agreements can be secured by either a
Purchase Money Security Interest (PMSI) loan, where the creditor takes a security interest in the items purchased (i.e. vehicle, furniture, electronics); or, a
Non-Purchase Money Security Interest (NPMSI) loan, where the creditor takes a security interest in items that the debtor already owns.
There are two purposes for a loan secured by debt. In the first purpose, by extending the loan through securing the debt, the creditor is relieved of most of the financial risks involved because it allows the creditor to take the property in the event that the debt is not properly repaid. In exchange, this permits the second purpose where the debtors may receive loans on more favorable terms than that available for unsecured debt, or to be extended credit under circumstances when credit under terms of unsecured debt would not be extended at all. The creditor may offer a loan with attractive interest rates and repayment periods for the secured debt.
from : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secured_loan
